The Writing of the Qur’ān Simplified: A Reader on the Collection and Orthography of the Qur’ān *

Author: Mohamed-Umer Esmail

Book length: 95 pages

Excerpt: Abū al-Aswad al-Du’alī innovated a dot system in the mushaf: a dot on top of a letter signified fatḥah, below a letter indicated kasrah, in front of a letter signified ḍammah, and two of any signified tanwīn.